Hybrid Solar Wind Power Generation System Pdf

• Economic Type Wind Hybrid

Wind hybrid power systems combines wind turbines with other storage and/or generation sources. One of the key issues with wind energy is its intermittent nature. This has led to numerous methods of storing energy.

Bhushan et al Review on Hybrid Solar/Wind/Hydro Power Generation System. Why Hybrid The Case for. System maintains all power generation at maximum efficiency without the need for additional hardware or software. Standard solar or wind.

• 1Wind-hydro system
• 3Wind-diesel system
• 5Wind-solar systems

Wind-hydro system[edit]

A wind-hydro system generates electric energy combining wind turbines and pumped storage. The combination has been the subject of long-term discussion, and an experimental plant, which also tested wind turbines, was implemented by Nova Scotia Power at its Wreck Cove hydro electric power site in the late 1970s, but was decommissioned within ten years. Since, no other system has been implemented at a single location as of late 2010.^[1]

Wind-hydro stations dedicate all, or a significant portion, of their wind power resources to pumping water into pumped storage reservoirs. These reservoirs are an implementation of grid energy storage.

Advantages[edit]

Wind and its generation potential is inherently variable. However, when this energy source is used to pump water into reservoirs at an elevation (the principle behind pumped storage), the potential energy of the water is relatively stable and can be used to generate electrical power by releasing it into a hydropower plant when needed.^[2] The combination has been described as particularly suited to islands that are not connected to larger grids.^[1]

Proposals[edit]

During the 1980s, an installation was proposed in the Netherlands.^[3] The IJsselmeer would be used as the reservoir, with wind turbines located on its dike.^[4] Feasibility studies have been conducted for installations on the island of Ramea (Newfoundland and Labrador) and on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation (South Dakota).^[5][6]

An installation at Ikaria Island, Greece, had entered the construction phase as of 2010.^[1]

The island of El Hierro is where the first world's first wind-hydro power station is expected to be complete.^[7]Current TV called this 'a blueprint for a sustainable future on planet Earth'. It was designed to cover between 80-100% of the island's power and was set to be operational in 2012.^[8] However, these expectations were not realized in practice, probably due to inadequate reservoir volume and persistent problems with grid stability.^[9]

100% renewable energy systems require an over-capacity of wind or solar power.^[10]

Wind-hydrogen system[edit]

One method of storing wind energy is the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen is subsequently used to generate electricity during periods when demand can not be matched by wind alone. The energy in the stored hydrogen can be converted into electrical power through fuel cell technology or a combustion engine linked to an electrical generator.

Successfully storing hydrogen has many issues which need to be overcome, such as embrittlement of the materials used in the power system.

This technology is being developed in many countries and has even seen a recent IPO of an Australian firm called Wind Hydrogen that looks to commercialise this technology in both Australia and the UK.^[11] Essentially Wind Hydrogen offers a source of domestic and vehicular energy for rural communities where current energy transmission costs are prohibitive. Test sites include:

Wind-diesel system[edit]

A wind-diesel hybrid power system combines diesel generators and wind turbines,^[21] usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control components, to generate electricity. They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and environmental impact of electrical generation in remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid.^[21] Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport.^[21]

History[edit]

Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialled in a number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of viable sites have been developed with increased reliability and minimized technical support costs in remote communities.

Technology[edit]

The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand of the usually variable load. The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long term. Sites such as Mawson Station, Antarctica, as well as Coral Bay and Bremer Bay in Australia have peak wind penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines (e.g. Enercon, Denham, Western Australia), controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), storing energy in a flywheel (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now being converted to wind hydrogen systems such as on Ramea in Canada which is due for completion in 2010.

Communities using wind-diesel hybrids[edit]

The following is a, probably incomplete, list of isolated communities utilizing commercial Wind-Diesel hybrid systems with a significant proportion of the energy being derived from wind. Microsoft drivers for windows 7 32 bit.

Wind-diesel hybrids at mining sites[edit]

Recently, in Northern Canada wind-diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote locations at Lac de Gras, in Canada's Northwest Territories, and Katinniq, Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, two systems are used to save fuel at mines. There is another system in Argentina.^[43]

Wind-compressed air systems[edit]

At power stations that use compressed air energy storage (CAES), electrical energy is used to compress air and store it in underground facilities such as caverns or abandoned mines. During later periods of high electrical demand, the air is released to power turbines, generally using supplemental natural gas.^[44] Power stations that make significant use of CAES are operational in McIntosh, Alabama, Germany, and Japan.^[45] System disadvantages include some energy losses in the CAES process; also, the need for supplemental use of fossil fuels such as natural gas means that these systems do not completely make use of renewable energy.^[46]

The Iowa Stored Energy Park, projected to begin commercial operation in 2015, will use wind farms in Iowa as an energy source in conjunction with CAES.^[47]

Wind-solar systems[edit]

Wind-solar building[edit]

The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, will mix solar panel on its windows and several wind turbines at different stories of its structure, allowing this tower to be energy positive.

Wind-solar lighting[edit]

In several parts of China & India, there are lighting pylons with combinations of solar panels and wind-turbines at their top. This allows space already used for lighting to be used more efficiently with two complementary energy productions units. Most common models use horizontal axis wind-turbines, but now models are appearing with vertical axis wind-turbines, using a helicoidal shaped, twisted-Savonius system.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abc'A Wind-Hydro-Pumped Storage Station Leading to High RES Penetration in the Autonomous Island System of Ikaria'. IEEE. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
2. ^'Stochastic Joint Optimization of Wind Generation and Pumped-Storage Units in an Electricity Market'. IEEE. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
3. ^Bonnier Corporation (April 1983). Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 85, 86. ISSN0161-7370. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
4. ^Erich Hau (2006). Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics. Birkhäuser. pp. 568, 569. ISBN978-3-540-24240-6. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
5. ^'Feasibility Study of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Ramea Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System'(PDF). Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
6. ^'Final Report: Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Wind-Pumped Storage Feasibility Study Project'(PDF). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
7. ^'El Hierro, an island in the wind'. Guardian. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
8. ^'A blueprint for green'. Thenational.ae. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
9. ^'An Independent Evaluation of the El Hierro Wind & Pumped Hydro System'. Euanmearns.com. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
10. ^'100% renewable energy sources require overcapacity: To switch electricity supply from nuclear to wind and solar power is not so simple'. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
11. ^''WHL Energy Limited (WHL)' is an Australian publicly listed company focused on developing and commercializing energy assets including wind energy, solar, biomass and clean fossil fuels'. Whlenergy.com. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
12. ^'Remote Community Wind-Hydrogen-Diesel Energy Solution' Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
13. ^'Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village' Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
14. ^'First Danish Hydrogen Energy Plant Is Operational'Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
15. ^'North Dakota has first wind-to-hydrogen plant in nation' Renew ND. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
16. ^'Clean Patagonian Energy from Wind and Hydrogen' Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007
17. ^'Proposals for Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project' Renew ND. Retrieved 2 November 2007 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^'RES2H2 - Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with the Hydrogen Vector' Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
19. ^'Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) Project Update' Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
20. ^'Hydro Continues Utsira Project'^{[permanent dead link]} Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
21. ^ ^abcWales, Alaska High-Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System National Renewable Energy Laboratory
22. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
23. ^The Ross Island Wind Energy – Stage 1 Project Meridian Official Site
24. ^'wind-australia-wa'. Industcards.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
25. ^'ABB Group - Leading digital technologies for industry'. Pcorp.com.au. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
26. ^'Renewable Energy Commercialisation in Australia - Wind Projects - Advanced high-penetration wind-diesel power system'. Greenhouse.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
27. ^'Fed: Govt announces $5 m for wind farm - Article from AAP General News (Australia) - HighBeam Research'. Highbeam.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.^{[dead link]}
28. ^'KIREIP - King Island Renewable Energy Integration Project'. Kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
29. ^'Welcome'. Worldofenergy.com.au. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
30. ^'untitled'(PDF). Ieawind.org. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
31. ^'Isolated Systems with Wind Power An Implementation Guideline'(PDF). Risoe.dk. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
32. ^'Free Ebook Download'. Galapagoswind.org. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
33. ^Klunne, Wim Jonker. 'wind4africa - Expression of Interest: Wind Energy Applications in Eritrea'. Wind4africa.net. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
34. ^'IngentaConnect New Wind-Diesel System on Osmussaare'. Ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
35. ^'Untitled Document'. Windgenie.com. Retrieved 29 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}
36. ^'Clean Air Initiative: Asia'. Cleanairnet.org. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
37. ^'Powercorp Alaska: News and Events'. Pcorpalaska.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
38. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
39. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
40. ^ ^abcd'Alaska Village Electric Cooperative'. Avec.org. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
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42. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
43. ^'Database: Solar & wind systems in the mining industry ..'Th-Energy.net. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
44. ^'Bottled Wind Could Be as Constant as Coal'. Wired. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
45. ^Sio-Iong Ao; Len Gelman (29 June 2011). Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing. Springer. p. 41. ISBN978-94-007-1191-4. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
46. ^'Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage'(PDF). Boise State University. p. 2. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
47. ^'Frequently Asked Questions'. Iowa Stored Energy Project. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

External links[edit]

The Case for “Hybrid” Renewable Energy Systems

There is a growing need for energy throughout the world. This insatiable demand is being driven from an ever expanding growth from the middle class of people in emerging economies looking to avail themselves of conveniences and tools that are normally taken for granted. Additionally, the worldwide explosion of technologies of all types, including personal electronics, mobile devices, and “quality of life” conveniences, place a greater demand or strain on traditional grid or utility supplied energy sources.

Where will this additional power come from, how will we fill the 'gap'?

WindStream believes that this gap will be addressed with the aggressive deployment of clean, renewable energy devices, designed to provide the needed energy at the origin of its generation - Distributed Energy. But single source renewable energy solutions, while clean and efficient, only work when the resource is there to be harnessed. Therefore, to maximize the available resources and provide consistent and stable energy generation, WindStream believes that a mix of technologies is the only viable answer and has created the first of its kind, fully integrated Hybrid energy solution, the SolarMill^®.

Product Overview

The SolarMill®, WindStream Technologies’ hybrid system is based on a modular, scalable, distributed renewable energy system designed and optimized for on and off grid installations. At its core is a highly efficient wind energy device, utilizing three (3) low-profile vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) mounted on a single base. The units can be interconnected to increase a user’s energy production capability in low speed and turbulent wind environments commonly found at lower elevations. The turbines begin producing power from wind speeds as low as two (2) meters per second. With a design life of 20+ years, the turbines are silent and do not pose a threat to wildlife.

In an effort to provide more consistent energy generation than a “wind only” or “solar only” system, WindStream Technologies has developed a first-of-its-kind, fully integrated, renewable energy “HYBRID” product. The SolarMill® incorporates P.V. technology within a compact footprint, creating the greatest energy generation density for any product on the market. The hybrid concept of the SolarMill® is unique, seamlessly utilizing wind and solar energy generation in one unit. This allows the product to be an effective solution in markets where the natural resources available for wind or solar energy alone do not justify investment into any small wind product.

Onboard each SolarMill® is WindStream Technologies’ proprietary Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) electronics and solar charge controller, which maximize the power handling and generation capabilities of both the wind turbines and solar panels. This system maintains all power generation at maximum efficiency without the need for additional hardware or software. Standard solar or wind systems do not offer this ability, as this is unique to the WindStream platform.

Economic Type Wind Hybrid

Why Hybrid Systems?

Wind energy is available.. when the wind is blowing..
Solar energy is available.. when the sun is shining.

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WindStream’s engineers have developed a product to overcome the “inconsistent” nature of renewable energy resources. By integrating wind and solar technologies in a single unit a customer can for the first time reliably depend on a renewable energy generation device. Not only does the system overcome the fluctuations of resources in a 24-hour period, but, over the course of a year as well. A hybrid energy solution smoothes out the highs and lows of energy generation periods due to seasonality as solar irradiation and wind speeds change throughout the course of the year. A truly hybrid solution will compensate for seasonal losses of power generation not solely depending on one type of renewable energy system. It is easy to see that the combination of wind and solar is a natural one, and one which is complementary on a seasonal basis:

As seen above, winter months with typical reductions in solar irradiance (shorter days) bring an increased power in potential wind energy. This relationship extends to the daily cycle as well. During the mid-day, wind speeds are typically lower, but the solar potential is high. Conversely, at night winds are more typical, but there is no power available to the P.V. elements in the system. P.V. is operational only during daylight hours, which limits the overall production of a system. Wind has the potential to produce 24 hours a day, given the right conditions, but most importantly throughout evening hours when solar is not available. A hybrid approach provides a more secure and even supply of energy, and provides an energy floor in the event that a location has seasonal weaknesses in the wind resources available. There are locations that, because of seasonal variations in wind resources, do not support a wind only solution. If the production of energy during extended periods is not guaranteed, energy storage requirements to bridge the lean times are extremely expensive, and the return on investment will be excessively long. Where both wind and solar are in abundance, the products make even more sense, especially in space constrained installations.

WindStream has determined the renewable resources available in 90% of the world can easily justify a hybrid energy system, not just to balance annual energy output, but to capture the available resources at the lowest cost per watt in the market for a renewable energy platform.

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